Half Of A Yellow Sun Chimamanda Adichie English Literature Essay

Half Of A Yellow Sun Chimamanda Adichie English Literature Essay In the wake of perusing Chimamanda Ngozi Adichies exciting novel, Half of a Yellow Sun is certifiably not a customary war story. It is a story whose characters live in a changing wartime climate, putting forth a valiant effort to keep that condition under control. And keeping in mind that the desolates of the Biafran war are notable, they don't show themselves in unsurprising or one-note ways here. From perusing the audits, I discovered this is the creators second novel. It is composed with astonishing sympathy and the common effortlessness of a typical narrator, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie weaves together the lives of three characters cleared up in the choppiness of the decade. In this abstract investigation, I plan on looking at parts of the scholarly components that Adichie joins the extent that her composing style and her explanations behind portraying certain components in certain light. I additionally plan to separate a few portrayals and social components of her novel that I iden tify with in attempting to comprehend between racial/class strife. At last, I take a gander at how Adichie changes her characters all through the novel. In spite of the fact that this investigation may not follow a plainly characterized stream, much like the novel does, have confidence that I consider every contingency. The characters and scene are strikingly painted - multi year old Ugwu is utilized as a houseboy for a college teacher loaded with progressive energy. Olanna is the teachers delightful paramour, who has deserted her life of benefit in Lagos for a dingy college town and the appeal of her new darling. What's more, Richard is a timid youthful Englishman seeking Olannas twin sister, a confounding figure who won't have a place with anybody. As Nigerian soldiers advance and the three must run for their lives, their beliefs are seriously tried as are their loyalties to each other. As I would see it, the focal topic rotates around moral obligation, about the finish of imperialism, about ethnic loyalties, and about class and race. Adichie prosecutes the outside world for its unconcern and tests the self-importance and obliviousness that sustained the contention. In light of on political occasions in nineteen-sixties Nigeria, this novel spotlights on Olanna who succumbs to the imperious scholastic whose political feelings veil his own shortcomings; in the mean time, Kainene gets engaged with a timid, diligent British white man who battles to discover his place inside this contention however he relates to the Biafrans. After a progression of slaughters focusing on the Igbo individuals, the best possible universe of the two couples separates. Half of a Yellow Sun is worried about class and race and ethnicity which appear to assume the greatest job in the connections of characters to each other. Ugwu is just thirteen when he starts filling in as a houseboy for Odenigbo, however he is one of the most astute and perceptive characters in the novel. His quality all through influences the perusers experience of the story since he is at first a guileless untouchable glancing in however before the finish of the novel he makes his mark. Fortunate or unfortunate, life and the war circumstance change him into a veteran and he annals his encounters during the war. The manners by which Adichie uncovers the distinctions in social class among her characters is likewise socially pertinent. There are the diverse social presumptions made by instructed Africans like Odenigbo, nouveau riche Africans like Olannas guardians, uneducated Africans like Odenigbos mother, and British ostracizes like Richards ex Susan. Adichie appears to make jokes about specific parts of her characters, take Odenigbo for example; the war transforms him from taught political debater to a filthy alcoholic and truly shows the force move in jobs. When he was the indifferent figure in the novel, Olanna appears to have that spot while he deteriorates because of the war situation. In perusing the novel, I couldnt help yet express an association between the Holocaust and the Biafran circumstance. I ended up addressing for what reason are the Igbo being slaughtered by the Hausa? I could just ascribe their contention to ancestral feelings of disdain and competitions. The tale clarifies that these competitions have been strengthened by British obstruction providing the Hausa with cash, weapons and ammo. Additionally passed on by certain selections all through the book, the British needed to save Nigeria as they saw fit a resentment of France and to propagate their enormous market. They likewise revamped the constitution to give the north authority over the focal government and even fixed the decisions in support of themselves. Given the historical backdrop of Nigeria and Britains support during the war, the thrashing of Biafra appears to be an inescapable result however I can comprehend why a people abused would revolt. Adichie breaks the sequential arrangement of her story so she can postpone the disclosure that Baby isn't Olannas kid and that Olanna had a short contact with Richard. The impacts of these disclosures recount a social issue. The babys mother dismisses her, Odenigbos mother dismisses her for not being a child, yet Olanna gives her actual boldness in tolerating the infant as her own. Adichie tries showing Olannas white collar class outlook. She is disturbed at the cockroach eggs in her cousins house and is hesitant to let Baby blend in with town kids since they have lice, yet before the finish of the novel her special standpoint changed by the war. It is striking that a lady so youthful could compose a novel of this degree. There is a human face on these battles, and being Nigerian-Igbo I can identify with them. Giving testimony regarding viciousness and demise changes individuals in the story. Adichie handles portrayals of scenes of viciousness, passing, and starvation in a practically ruthless and emotionless manner. I can just picture what experiences Ugwus mind being that he partakes in the assault of the bar young lady at that point discovers that his sister was additionally assaulted. Richard, then again, appears as though he needs to be African, figures out how to communicate in Igbo, and says we when he discusses Biafra. In spite of the fact that the Biafran warriors are not dazzled, it appears to be a respectable signal to need to be an Igbo man. Perusing this book has developed my comprehension of Biafra specifically and war when all is said in done each character make troublesome good decisions. I end up being least thoughtful to Olanna when she cheats in counter, to Ugwu when he assaults the bar-young lady, to Eberechi for trading favors for security from the officer, even to Odenigbos mother when she pursues Olanna out of the house. Every one of the significant characters additionally manage the topic of personality what their identity is, how they need to be? It is obvious that the situation in any culture directs how individuals act and respond and legitimize their conduct. For this situation, endurance between two clans was the impetus in a formerly steady nation, language strengthen the novel㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ²s topics of racial and social division. For instance, Ugwu㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ²s love of the English language, or the blending of tongues and words all through the novel. Indeed, even in Richard㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ²s character, he appears to be an untouchable. I feel compassion toward him and in spite of the fact that his character includes additional understanding into the Nigeria/Biafra war, I believe that he is a lot of like a phantom wandering the whole novel searching for a spot to fit in. That is the reason it is especially dismal toward the finish of the novel when Kainene doesnt return as she would have been the main individual to permit Richard to acclimatize into the way of life. All in all, the story is one of endurance and recognition from an Igbo point of view; it is significant story to retell. The story starts as Ugwus aunt portrays to Ugwu his new business: Master was somewhat insane; he had spent such a large number of years perusing books abroad, conversed with himself in his office, didn't generally return welcome, and had a lot of hair. It closes with Ugwus devotion of his book: For Master, my great man. I can just consider how Ugwus connection to his lord has changed over the span of the story, it fitting that Ugwu, and not Richard, ought to be the person who composes the tale of the war and his kin. It was a shock to find that Ugwu was the creator of The World was Silent When We Died? I discovered this an extraordinary turn and I didnt see it coming. Since devotion and treachery is one of the prevailing subjects all through the novel, the key characters double-cross one another, or themselves over and again yet the more prominent danger from an ou tside foe assists with placing things in context and empower them to excuse and proceed onward and accommodates unification. I found the finish of the story tragic however settling since the Igbos came back to their homes, I can't picture escaping from my home because of racial or innate oppression.

Stir The Coffee Essay -- essays research papers

Through the steam of my espresso I could see a smaller than expected arrangement of gleaming red shoes swinging to and fro underneath the counter at the cafe. A young lady had been sitting on the red stool since I had shown up, simply sitting watching the cook flip flapjacks throughout the morning with a develop feeling of interest. All over, and here and there, again and again, the player consistently framed into tasty strong manifestations, some with blueberries, some with chocolate, some outright and straightforward. The cook brandished a superb cover that appeared as though it had been around perpetually, cooked a million hotcakes, and still lived to tell its story of the oils and garnishes and syrups it had found in its day. The old man’s red shirt could be seen through the consume gaps in the cover, as though they were war wounds. The cook didn’t appear to mind the warmth of the oven, or mix at all when the consuming oil from the dish spat at his substance. He was covered in a film of oil, margarine and hitter, and just sometimes parted from his cooking customs to wipe his brow with the sopping wet cloth that was thrown over his left shoulder. Every flapjack was a fragile creation that the elderly person arranged with extraordinary thought and exertion, making every one great, however none the equivalent. Never would the man be contrasted with any machine-each one was unique, each one extraordinary. The uncommon of the day was nutty spread hotcakes, in spite of the fact that I didn’t see anyone request that one. The young lady with the sparkling shoes, who had been there sinc...

The Abominable Snowman

The Abominable Snowman At MIT, we think big. We apply engineering principles whenever possible. We build snowmen so large that they require the use of ramps, ice skates, and a team of friendly tourists. My friend Julia 08 shares her IAP snowman experience below: (Note: I promise that I have a non-snow related entry in the works, for those of you who are sick of hearing about it.) On Sunday when I heard there was going to be yet another snow storm hitting Boston, I called up my friend Dan 10. Did you hear about the snowstorm tomorrow? You know what this means….Battle #3!. Dan and I are in the midst of a multi-part snow battle. The first two battles involved grape throwing, running around the basements, playing in the secret ninja courtyard, and most importantly lots of snow! By the time I woke up the next morning 6 inches of beautiful packing snow graced the MIT campus ready to be made into snow fighting artillery. When I met up with Dan in Killian court we decided to make a giant snowman in front of the great dome instead. Little did we know what we were getting ourselves into. First, we had a little competition to see who could roll the bigger snowball. Then we teamed up to roll the base which Dan insisted had to be at least as tall as me. To my surprise, creating this giant snowball was just as exhausting as a snowball fight! There we were, in t-shirts, sweating and struggling to push the giant ball back towards the center of Killian. We were getting pretty tired and literally losing momentum. Sometimes the ball would roll back over me after we attempted to budge it from rest. Luckily, a large group of Korean tourists ran out into the courtyard to enjoy the snowy scenery, and a few even lent us their strength to push our snowball base. The next task was getting the middle portion of the snowman up on top of the base. After several failed attempts to lift the beast and attempting to create a snow staircase, we realized that we were going to need more helping hands. I pleaded with random people walking through lobby 10 for help, and ran into my friend Marie 11. While I was off rolling the snowball for the head, Dan and Marie came up with an ingenious idea. There are these tall and thin green stakes connected by ropes surrounding Killian court. Using just three stakes, we built a makeshift ramp on the side of the 5 feet tall base. Using our engineering skills and atlas-like strength we finally managed to push the middle snowball on top of the base. None of us could believe that it actually worked, and more importantly that it stayed! Ghassan G, who stopped by earlier to take some pictures, returned and helped us stick the head on top of the now 9 feet tall monster. How did we get the head on? Simple, Ghassan stood on a chair. Finally, Maries friend, Eva 11 helped us shape, decorate, and put the final touches on our giant snowman! After 3 hours of intense working out, some thinking, and plenty of fun we had just made the biggest snowman of our lives. Julia 08 and Dan 10 roll their massive snowballs across Killian Court. Marie 11 hands Ghassan G some rocks for the snowmans eyes. Dan 10, Julia 08, Snowman, Eva 11, Marie 11, Ghassan G. The final product.

Human Growth Hormone The Picture Of Dorian Gray

Human growth hormone | Who wants to live forever? | HGH for sale, HGH supplements, HGH pills, HGH for men, HGH for women, buy HGH 2017 at www.hghworld.us People have been searching for the eternal life forever, but the researchers agree: It does not exist. Nevertheless, many desperately try to fight against old age. Last new weapon is called human growth hormone - or just HGH (human growth hormone). The dream of eternal youth is reserved for the gods, but we humans have always sought immortality. Like Dorian in Oscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray , giving her soul in exchange for eternal youth and beauty. Or Orlando in Virginia Wolf s novel of the same name, after order from Elizabeth I decides never to grow old and live for†¦show more content†¦But at some point even the most skilled plastic surgeons must throw the scalpel in the ring and let nature take over and what do you do? In the American magazine Vanity Fair, one could recently read a story about the latest in discipline to cheat death. For up to $ 10,000 a year, clinics can be treated with human growth hormone - human growth hormone or just HGH (human growth hormone) - either manually or with the help of doctors injecting into the body. The result should be unbelievable according to users: marked abs, less wrinkles, greater sex drive and much more energy. HGH (human growth hormone) - or just H, as the substance is called on street level - according to Vanity Fair, has begun to circulate among the A-list celebrities in Los Angeles. Especially among those who approach or just passed the 50 years. More than 50-year-old actors who still have marked abdominal muscles and visible veins on the upper arms are undoubtedly HGH (human growth hormone), says an anonymous movie agent, who allegedly represents at least one of the major Hollywood stars. Another notability in the City of England, the former model and actor, Alana Stewart, dares to showcase his use of HGH (human growth hormone). On her birth certificate, 1945 - in the Hollywood context, the Middle Ages and not

The Journal Reality Bites An Investigation Of The Genre...

While reading the journal Reality Bites: An Investigation of the Genre of Reality Television and Its Relationship to Viewers’ Body Image researchers utilized a unique methodological approach, this study investigated subtypes of reality television (RTV) to study the influence of exposure to RTV on body image (body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness) as compared a more traditional weekly report of RTV viewing. Young adults (N  ¼ 472) completed online surveys measuring their exposure to Reality TV and perceptions of their own body image. Four types of RTV were uncovered. Regression analyses using these 4 factors demonstrated that exposure to competition-based RTV shows (e.g., Dancing with the Stars) predicted increased body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. On the other hand, the weekly self-report of RTV viewing did not reveal any relationships between weekly exposure to RTV and body image. These findings underline the need for cultivation-based media studies that in clude program-based measures of genre-specific media exposure, especially when seeking to capture media effects related to RTV. In the study before researchers can understand the impact of reality programs on viewers, they must agree on how to define exposure to this genre. This would be defining the purpose of the study. The purpose of this study was to explore the conceptualization of RTV through the use of a program-centered method of determining distinct subtypes of this emerging genre. The RTVShow MoreRelatedEffects of Rap Music on Crime14002 Words   |  57 Pages(Best 1990; Tatum 1999; Tanner 2001; Sacco and Kennedy 2002; Alexander 2003). Whether rap has been reviled as much as jazz and rock ‘n’ roll once were is a moot point; rather more certain is its pre-eminent role as a problematic contemporary musical genre. Direct correspondence to Julian Tanner, Department of Social Science University of Toronto at Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada, M1C 1A4. Telephone: (416) 287-7293. E-mail: Julian.Tanner@utoronto.ca.  © The University ofRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesand researches in the area of management accounting. Her current research interests cover innovation/knowledge management, hybridity, and the leadership of the accounting and finance function. She has published in Behavioral Research in Accounting; Journal of Management Accounting Research; Pacific Accounting Review; Australian Accounting Review; Accounting, Organizations and Society; and Management Accounting Research, as well as contributing chapters to books. In 2002, Jane received the FMAC ArticlesRead MoreWhat Are the Difficulties of Translating Humour from English Into Spanish Using the Subtitled British Comedy Sketch Show Little Britain as a Case Study?12271 Words   |  50 Pagesslapstick humour with only two British Comedy programmes that made it on screen which were ‘The Benny Hill Show’ and also ‘George and Mildred’ (Spanish Magazine,n.d). Pe dalino (2006) also confirms the amount of slapstick humour shown on Spanish television stating â€Å" unconvincing transvestites with balloons for boobs are still very much in vogue as slapstick humour†. It can be said that the Spanish audience seek more visual humour than verbal humour; however there is a vast assortment of dubbedRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesIntra-Caribbean 1 Southern Cone 1 Other 2 Sources: Imre Ferenczi and Walter Willcox, eds., International Migrations, vol. 1, Statistics (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1929); Adam McKeown, â€Å"Global Migration, 1846–1940,† Journal of World History 15 (2004): 155– 189; Jose C. Moya, â€Å"Immigration, Development, and Assimilation in the United States in a Global Perspective, 1850–1930,† Studia Migracyjne [Warsaw] 35, no. 3 (2009), 89–104. Vietnam, Java, and the Philippines

Organizational Design Research Worksheet Free Essays

Heinz-Divisional Structure-SuccessfulThe H. J. Heinz Company, headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, is the most global of all U. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Design Research Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. -based food companies and one of the world’s largest food-processing companies. In more than 50 countries Heinz is considered number one or number two in the market position. Beside ketchup, Heinz also sells other products ranging from sauces, meals, snacks, and infant/nutrition. Among them are our 15 Power Brands, which comprise approximately 70% of our global sales. A divisional structure is when divisions operate as autonomous businesses under the larger corporate umbrella. Because of Heinz using the divisional structure they are able to evaluate the performance of each of their departments individually. Because divisions are relatively autonomous, Heinz can take action with little to none disruption to its remaining operations. Divisions can maintain a healthy competition among themselves by sponsoring separate campaigns, different identities, etcetera. Because Heinz chose a divisional structure they have had their divisions work well together because each area is focusing on a single product and there is not the stress of trying to conduct projects across the board. Heinz’s divisional structure has lead to a culture being formed which has contributed to higher employee morale and a better knowledge of the goals and vision that Heinz is trying to accomplish. Wal-mart-International organizational structure-SuccessfulMany businesses today manufacture, purchase, and sell abroad and that’s referred to as international organizational structure. Wal-mart has been around since 1962 with the first store being in Rogers, Arkansas. The company expanded to 276 stores in 11 states by the end of the decade. When Wal-mart expanded outside the U. S. in 1992 they put a special team in place to take care of the logistics. Because of the success they had introduced a small international department oversee the overseas expansion. By the time 2002 arrived, international operations were so important to Wal-mart that the international division was split up into other geographic areas. We all know that Wal-mart has become a powerhouse worldwide and implem enting an international structure has allowed them to stay ahead of competitors. Because of this venture Wal-mart is leading the way to a more global economy and market. Chris-Southwest Airlines-SuccessfulWhen one thinks about Southwest Airlines they often will think about the one of the company’s recent slogans, â€Å"You are now free to roam the country. † However, Southwest Airlines represents more than just a catchy phrase in the world of organizations who often dare not say that another organization is doing well much less better than them, company’s often use Southwest Airlines as a benchmark, a standard, for their own organizations. Southwest Airlines view has been that of not being the norm and shaking it up a bit. They take a different approach when it comes to organizational design. The goals of the airline were to make a good profit, retain employees and give the consumer reasonably cheap flying. Southwest’s visionary organizational design of treating everyone like a person, even their employees. Southwest has become the nation’s fourth largest carrier from a customer statics standpoint. Southwest operates nearly 2,800 flights per day. Southwest has the best on-time record for ensuring that their flights leave and arrive â€Å"on-time. In addition, Southwest Airlines has the fewest customer complaints in the airline industry. In short Southwest is the only Airline that has consistently returned a profit for it’s shareholders since the company’s inception in 1973. What is the Southwest secret? The secret for Southwest is really not a secret at all rather it is based in concepts based in organizational design. Southwest uses innovation in their offering of their pr oducts and services. Southwest is simply more innovative in it’s ability to be open to new ideas and technology and simple though processes. For instance, many airlines would not sign on to fly to the â€Å"Red-neck Riveria,† but Southwest has agreed to not only sign on but to begin flights to and from it’s major hubs Baltimore, and Love’s Field. This shows innovation in that Southwest’s history has always been create flights to what other major airlines such as American or Delta just scoff at. This increase in flexibility shown by Southwest has put them above their competitors and increased overall productivity thus they have provided great returns for investors. Southwest has also shown innovation in their concept of organizational design in their approach to where they flew. By providing low fares, southwest made it easier and affordable for more people to fly. They became known as the low fare, no frills airline. One of Southwest’s organizational concepts is based upon the principle that if the customer is satisfied the company will make money. Southwest’s additional areas for differences in organizational design are in their management. Their management believes that their people are Southwest’s greatest asset. Southwest prides itself on hiring people who are not just good in their field but experienced in their field. Their mission is to have managers do things by the book and follow company policy, while leaders follow their own intuition, which may in turn be of more benefit to the company. Southwest Airlines has in many arenas achieved the recognition as being the best airline operating within the United States; and on a more personal note it has won my recognition as being the best airplane for my family and me. Chris-Google-Successful When Google went public in 2004, their history of creativity and innovation had long been a fixture and set in place. Larry Page and Sergey Brin who were Ph. d students that worked together on the Stanford Digital Library Project who incorporated Google in 1998. Since that time of incorporation in a friend’s garage in Menlo Park, CA. Google has created a culture of â€Å"why not? † They are known for their innovative culture by allowing their employees a creative and safe place where they can create and share and exchange ideas. They foster this environment in a number of ways. One of the first ways is by looking at how they approach â€Å"failure. † Failure is not considered failure at Google rather they believe that failures are lessons learned. In fact Google specifically hires individuals who â€Å"fail fast. † According to Davila, Epstein and Shelton (2006) i. e. fail fast so that not many resources are spent on developing the new ideas and fail often so that more ideas are tried and tested to eventually come-up with a successful product or idea. An additional concept by Davila, Epstein and Shelton again comes from the â€Å"top down† methodology in that when Google is in the candidate process they include in their job recruitment description that if hired the candidate will have up to 20%-35% or more time dictated solely to one’s need to create and innovate. While most companies would relegate that time to basing it solely on what would make their company look good Google is different in that they do not specify that it has to be â€Å"related† to Google business. Rather the management team at Google believes that it is a â€Å"time to step-away† from their daily grind and just â€Å"get away. † If Sherman Computer Repair was to benchmark Google they would find that Google’s management team is what makes the difference for Google. In addition, they would be able to easily implement Google’s technique of â€Å"fast failing† and learning from their mistakes. In addition, Sherman Computer Repair would also be able to learn from Google’s example of taking time in their day of just getting away to be innovative rather than always wielding control of their employees. How to cite Organizational Design Research Worksheet, Essays

Importance Of Equity - Quality - Efficiency And Acceptability In The Hea

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Equity, Quality, Efficiency and Acceptability in the Healthcare Service System. Answer: Introduction The midwifery is popularly known as with women healthcare services where the midwives help service users in maternity situations like pregnancy, labours, post-birth services etc. The midwifery is kind of nursing and emergency services in maternity situation (Kirkham, 2010). Although being a small part of healthcare scenario the effectual and functional midwifery services play a very importance role in overall healthcare process because they are directly connect with birth and death situations. There are more than 23,000 midwives employed in Australian midwifery services (Gaskin, 2010). In this study, learner has analysed the importance of equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability in the Australian midwifery service delivery system. The study will detail the importance of evaluating midwifery healthcare services on the basis of quality, quality, efficiency and acceptability. An overview of Australian Healthcare system Wiliam (2010) studied an overall Australian Healthcare system considered to be a mixed healthcare system with providers from both public and private sector. The Australian healthcare system is a collaboration of different healthcare activities and processes whose aim is to support, promote, maintain, restore and deliver health to living organisms. This healthcare system is influenced by various internal and external environmental factors that form its overall structure, functionality, and outcomes. The Australian healthcare system follows The Beveridge Model where government or public finances the healthcare system via tax payment. Australia holds 3rd position for life expectancy, after Iceland and Switzerland in the International Life expectancy Data (Gaskin, 2010). The Rankings of healthcare, Australian healthcare system is best in effective care, safe care, patient-centred care, efficiency and productivity. Generally, the Australian populations holds a good health status as well as life expectancy of 84 for female and 80 for males (Starfield, 2012). The burdens of chronic heart diseases are only issue that create a high mortality rate of Australian (Kirkham, 2010). Figure1: Structural presentation of Australian Healthcare system (Source: Australia's health system (AIHW), 2016) Midwifery services in Australian Healthcare system The midwifery and nursing services being a very important part of primary healthcare where they work to deliver quality healthcare irrespective of the users case, creed, colour and other external identifications. In last few years, Country made a significant improvement in its maternity safety and quality services. The maternity services that include antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal care play a very important role in this improvement in healthcare services. Australia is considered to be one of the best paternity services providing country at the global context (Gaskin, 2010). Importance of performance analysis The performance of healthcare system is analysed by specific healthcare assessment or evaluation process that determines the effectiveness of service delivery process. The multidimensional healthcare depends on various factors that work to deliver personal health care and services. Therefore, achievement of healthcare performance requires analysis in a multidimensional manner where the outcomes are analysed on the basis of specific evaluation criteria (Kirkham, 2010). According to Regan Wong (2010) any healthcare system whether it be midwifery or clinical care is evaluated as per their equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability. The performance evaluation is determined as per user perspective rather them providers perspective in healthcare. Therefore, equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability work as outcome indicators in evaluation process that are sufficient to describe the users perspective in healthcare. Further, Buykx et al. (2012) indicated that systematic healthcare system framework involves inputs, outputs and outcomes. The inputs occur at provider level but the outcomes and output are individual or user specific. Hence, patient-centred performance evaluation frameworks are designed in a manner where healthcare system is evaluated as per its impact on quality, equity, efficiency and acceptability. Gardner et al. (2011) studied that in midwifery healthcare evaluation a systematic approach where processes, outputs and outcomes are ev aluated to determine the achievement. Australian Healthcare systems There are models that simplify the structure of healthcare environment. Joumard, Andre Nicq (2010) indicated that Australian healthcare system including the primary healthcare (nursing and midwifery) is best presented using input, outputs, and outcomes model. World Health Organization (WHO) as an evaluation framework for its healthcare system is, also used this framework of Australian Healthcare System. The below-provided structure demonstrates a general view on system framework of Australian Healthcare Figure 2: Model of Australian Healthcare System (Source: Joumard, Andre Nicq, 2010) Evaluation of healthcare system and importance of equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability in evaluation framework There are a number of evaluation frameworks that are proposed by different authors to evaluate healthcare systems. For example- The American Public Health Association (APHA) framework evaluate healthcare on the basis of continuity, quality, accessibility and efficiency (American Nurses Association, 2010). Further, Armstrong Kendall (2010) indicated that main criteria for evaluation should be efficiency, effectiveness and equity. But, the Australian healthcare system follows a specific framework of evaluation (RoGs framework) whose major goal is to determine the equity, efficiency, quality and acceptability of outputs and outcomes described in the healthcare system. The importance of these four evaluation criteria to determine the effectiveness of Australian healthcare system is described below: - Equity Equity in healthcare is fairness or equals establishment for the achievement of equality based healthcare services. Any region or country persist a variety of cast, culture, creed, language and people having some specific individuality. The equity determined the equality in healthcare services for a different variety of individuals. The equity assessment involves ethnic and socio-economic equity (Gaskin, 2010). Equity determines the performance of healthcare services for fulfilling the healthcare necessities of a particular group in society. This measures the equity in access to healthcare services and outcomes. The equity is of two types, horizontal equity where equal healthcare is provided equally to all groups and vertical equity where equitable (fair) unequal healthcare is provided to the unequal group (Fineberg, 2012). Equity indicator measures the differences in class, race, origin, gender, geography and other factors in the outcomes of healthcare services in order to minimise these differences. Equity measurement helps to achieve equality and stability in healthcare inputs (Kirkham, 2010). However, Frenz Vega (2010) indicated that efficiency and quality are dependant on equity measurement. The equity versus efficiency issue depends on ones value position. Kringos et al. (2010) indicate that equity assessment or determining differences in healthcare are critically important to get the overall care processes acceptability, outputs effect. The equity assessment is very much essential but more difficult to achieve in healthcare scenario. Equity can be considered as the second dimension of acceptability and quality but still it is different from other evaluation criteria due to its specific objective that relates only to user satisfaction. This criterion of evaluation helps to determine the healthcare accessibility to disadvantageous groups like indigenous Australian who are under privileged in terms of health as well as wealth in Australia. Equity is the assessment criteria that focus on disadvantages groups in term of healthcare service delivery (Guindo et al. 2012). According to Starfield (2012), equity helps to determine the overall health states of disadvantageous women in midwifery healthcare. The fulfilment of sexual and reproductive healthcare is assessed for disadvantageous women that make equity an essential assessment criterion in midwifery services. Efficiency The efficiency describes the potential of the healthcare system in the technical, productive and allocative field. The technical efficiency indicates the cost of service delivery that is required to be maintained minimum that involves the input in the healthcare system. The productive efficiency optimal health services and care in all healthcare scenarios including primary, acute and post-acute care (Gaskin, 2010). The technical efficiency in assessment is determined by the patient treatment output and reflects on care management output. However, productive efficiency clearly determines the effect of inputs as per attained outcomes in patient services. Lastly, the allocative efficiency is the service provision at the level of expected standards that is focussed on outcomes (Guindo et al. 2012). Therefore, allocative efficiency can be manipulated as per the technical and productive efficiencies (minimising input as per outcomes or increasing outcome as per input). Wiliam (2010) indicated that efficiency assessment involves clinical outcomes measurement that can be quality of life, specific disease, illness or condition. This can be performed using clinical equipments like scales, genetic measures, quality measures etc. The efficiency being a part of productive effectiveness assesses the capability of healthcare program or strategy (output) to reach the ideal state (effective outcomes). According to Guindo et al. (2012) efficiency provides data in clinical terminologies that involves sufficient information regarding the defects in the input system of healthcare. By determining the efficiency of outcomes it is easy to adjust the requirements of its input. For example- A tuberculosis control program is not able to provide expected efficiency outcomes than either the program is eliminated from input system or modified to generate required outcome efficiency. In this manner, efficiency assessment is another important criteria that help to determine the overall impact of clinical services. Quality Quality is determining the level of outcomes as per expected criteria on the basis of health services provided to individual patient. Quality involves assessment of professional skills, knowledge, technique, environment and competency in healthcare scenario (Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2010). Basically, quality determines the input criteria of healthcare services, as per studies of Spaeth-Rublee et al. (2010) the stakeholders, components, and service providers in healthcare form the assessment criteria for analysing the quality. These form the major portion of input in healthcare system. Quality determines that weather safe healthcare services are provided to users and the service outcomes are as per expectations. For example- clinical quality involves determination of care outcomes as per patient perspective. Raven et al. (2012) indicated that overall suitable healthcare quality involves social solidarity, sense of equality, high quality healthcare, and care effectiveness. Spaeth-Rublee et al. (2010) indicated that quality is considered to outcome of medical knowledge, practice and good intentions of service providers. The aspects like ethical certainty, trust and professionalism dominates the quality assessment criteria. In healthcare system of Australia, quality is influenced by various input and output factors, therefore, quality assessment works as a tool to analyse the overall functionality of organisation. According to Buykx et al. (2012) quality indicator involves the structure, process and outcome evaluation that has improved focus on quality improvement in last few years. Quality assessment is performed to assure complete quality management, quality assurance and incessant quality improvement in healthcare system. The quality assessment is essential to confirm healthcare achievement in complex dynamics of internal and external environmental factors that influences the functionality of healthcare. Raven et al. (2012) indicated that midwifery healthcare deals with maternity nursing services provided to women where the major focus is on nursing services rather than clinical treatments. The quality analysis specifically determines the effectiveness of healthcare services. Therefore, quality assessment forms a major component of midwifery healthcare assessment framework. The quality assessment determines the impact of policies, regulations, diseases programs, medical facilities, staff, infrastructure and medical procedures. Spaeth-Rublee et al. (2010) indicated that quality assessment is one of the most important component of almost 80% health assessment frameworks at the global level. Acceptability Acceptability determines the effectiveness of system safety, equity, quality and ethnicity as per patients, providers and communities perspective. This involves determining the level of satisfaction attained after healthcare service use (Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2010). Wiliam (2010) indicated that being a major assessment goal of health outcomes, acceptability assessment is critically essential in public healthcare system evaluation where social and political support determines the resourcing level. The change if not accepted can widely affect the political environment; therefore, acceptability assessment is essential for publicly funded systems of healthcare. This makes acceptability assessment as an essential analysis criterion in Australian healthcare system because it is also a publically funded system highly under the social and political influence. Buykx et al. (2012) indicated that acceptability assessment works to determine the fairness and ethical environment practices in the healthcare system. The acceptability assessment revolves around four ethical principles of healthcare that are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. These ethical principles work in a contradictory manner where acceptance of one principle can harm the aspects of others. For example- if care providers protect the autonomy of patient for not taking medication than provider simultaneously harms his duty of care involving beneficence. Therefore, the acceptability of any healthcare system highly depends on its ethical equilibrium. By determining the acceptability the ethical functionality in healthcare system can be predicted, hence, acceptability assessment becomes another important assessment criteria due to its specificity towards ethical environment analysis approach. Conclusion The above essay clearly explains that healthcare service assessment critically and essentially depends on analysing the equity, quality, efficiency and acceptability. However, there are other criteria of evaluation that are adopted in different frameworks but for the Australian healthcare system framework evaluation criteria, these four factors completely describe the overall functionality of health system in an effective manner. Through this study, the overall identification and importance of equity, efficiency, quality and acceptability are clearly understood in the Australian healthcare system evaluation process. 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